The worldwide development of COVID-19 vaccines has been one of the greatest achievements in medical history. Since the start of the pandemic, various countries have competed to develop and produce vaccines to protect their populations. Now, more than 20 COVID-19 vaccines have received emergency use permits in various countries, with different modules and technologies. One of the first and best known is the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, which uses messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. This vaccine showed more than 95% effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 infection when used in two doses. The Moderna vaccine also uses similar technology and has almost the same level of effectiveness. On the other hand, vaccines based on inactivated viruses, such as Sinovac and Sinopharm from China, offer a different alternative. This vaccine uses a virus that has been killed, giving the body the opportunity to recognize and respond to the virus without risk of disease. The use of this vaccine has become popular in various developing countries because of its ease of storage. Countries around the world have also started mass vaccination programs. India, as one of the largest vaccine producers, introduced Covaxin and Covishield, vaccines developed by Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute. India’s vaccination program prioritizes health workers and vulnerable groups. International Cooperation is also visible through COVAX, a global initiative that aims to ensure fair access to COVID-19 vaccines for all countries, especially the less fortunate. COVAX is working with vaccine manufacturers to distribute doses fairly and equitably. A big challenge in vaccination is new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as Delta and Omicron, which show increased infectious capabilities and may reduce the effectiveness of some vaccines. Scientists continue to conduct research to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines against new variants and, if necessary, develop modified versions. Apart from that, vaccines have also emerged which are designed as booster doses to increase immune protection over a certain period of time. This vaccine is important to maintain the population’s immunity level, especially amid the spread of new variants. Strict regulations and supervision of vaccines are also implemented to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Drug regulatory bodies in various countries carry out systematic and comprehensive clinical trials before granting marketing permits. In response to increasing public distrust of vaccines, educational campaigns were carried out intensively. Governments, health organizations and influencers play an important role in providing accurate information and countering misinformation. The COVID-19 vaccine is also adapting to new technology. For example, viral vector-based vaccines, such as AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, provide another option with a different way to stimulate the immune response. This expands choices for countries and populations with varying health backgrounds. The development of COVID-19 vaccines reflects extraordinary global collaboration between researchers, pharmaceutical companies and governments. By continuing to innovate and develop, the hope of controlling this pandemic is growing, while further studies are continuing to be carried out to improve existing vaccines.